Understanding Sleepwalking and How to Improve Your Sleep

Sleepwalking, or somnambulism, is a parasomnia where a person performs activities while still in a deep sleep, often with no memory of the event. Though common in children, sleepwalking can affect adults and is sometimes linked to stress, medications, or other health conditions.

1. Certain Medications

Prescription sleep aids such as Ambien (zolpidem), Lunesta (eszopiclone), and Sonata (zaleplon) have been associated with sleepwalking episodes. Other medications that may increase risk include:

• Antidepressants

• Benzodiazepines and Z-hypnotics

• Lithium

• Atypical antipsychotics like olanzapine or aripiprazole

2. Stress

Stressful events during the day can trigger nighttime episodes. Research suggests that high stress levels not only increase the risk of sleepwalking but may also contribute to insomnia and poor-quality sleep.

3. Sleep Deprivation

When you’re overtired, the brain may partially “wake up” during deep sleep, leading to sleepwalking episodes. Studies show that both irregular sleep patterns and fatigue can increase the frequency and complexity of these events.

4. Migraine

Sleep disorders, including sleepwalking, are more common among those with migraines, particularly migraines with aura. The connection may be related to neurological pathways that impact both sleep cycles and pain response.

5. Fever

Illness and fever especially in children can disrupt normal sleep stages, leading to sleepwalking, nightmares, or unusual nighttime behaviors.

6. Breathing Disorders

People with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are up to twice as likely to experience sleepwalking episodes compared to those without OSA. Treating the underlying breathing issue often reduces nighttime disturbances.

7. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

GERD can interfere with sleep quality, and poor sleep can, in turn, worsen reflux symptoms. This two-way relationship may increase the risk of sleepwalking for some individuals.

8. Parkinson’s Disease

About 10% of people with Parkinson’s disease experience parasomnias like sleepwalking. Neurological changes associated with the disease may affect arousal regulation during sleep.

9. Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)

RLS creates a powerful urge to move the legs, especially at night. The resulting sleep fragmentation and deprivation can increase sleepwalking episodes.

When Does Sleepwalking Happen?

Sleepwalking usually occurs 1–2 hours after falling asleep, during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Episodes can last a few minutes or extend to 30 minutes or more. During an episode, motor functions remain active while awareness and sensory perception are largely off, meaning the person is unaware of their actions.

Signs of Sleepwalking

• Blank stare or unresponsive eyes

• Talking or mumbling incoherently

• Performing routine activities (e.g., making food)

• Confusion or aggression if awakened suddenly

Risks of Sleepwalking

While most episodes are harmless, sleepwalking can pose dangers such as falls, burns, or even attempting to leave the house. Rarely, episodes can involve aggressive behavior or unsafe activities like cooking or driving.

Solutions for Better Sleep

• Improve sleep hygiene: Maintain a consistent sleep schedule and avoid caffeine or heavy meals before bed.

• Manage stress: Mindfulness, journaling, or deep breathing exercises can reduce nighttime disruptions.

• Create a safe environment: Remove sharp objects, lock doors, and secure windows.

• Address underlying conditions: Treating sleep apnea, migraines, or GERD may decrease episodes.

• Limit medications that trigger sleepwalking: Consult your healthcare provider if your prescriptions may be contributing.

When to Seek Help

Contact a healthcare provider if:

• Sleepwalking is frequent or severe

• Dangerous behaviors occur during episodes

• You experience excessive daytime fatigue

• Other concerning symptoms accompany episodes

Key Takeaways

Sleepwalking is often triggered by stress, sleep loss, or medical conditions, but it can typically be managed with better sleep habits and stress reduction. Persistent or dangerous episodes should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.

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