Understanding the Leading Causes of Vision Loss

Losing your vision can be life-changing, and for millions worldwide, it’s a reality. In the U.S., 50 million adults have experienced some form of vision loss. Globally, an estimated 1.1 billion people live with vision impairment, including 43 million who are blind. Some vision loss happens suddenly, while other cases develop gradually over time.

Here are the most common causes, their symptoms, and why early detection matters.

Cataracts

Cataracts occur when the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, making it harder to see clearly. They’re the leading cause of age-related vision loss.

Risk factors include:

• Aging

• Diabetes

• Excess sun exposure

• Eye injury

Symptoms:

• Cloudy or blurry vision

• Double vision

• Poor night vision

• Glare sensitivity

• Reduced color vibrancy

Treatment: Cataract surgery is one of the most common and successful surgeries in the U.S., often restoring clear vision.

Macular Degeneration

Also called age-related macular degeneration (AMD), this disease affects central vision needed for reading, driving, and recognizing faces.

Two types:

• Dry AMD: Gradual loss due to waste buildup under the retina.

• Wet AMD: Caused by abnormal blood vessels growing behind the retina; accounts for most severe cases.

Symptoms:

• Blurred central vision

• Faded colors

• Distorted straight lines (wet AMD)

AMD is the leading cause of vision loss in people over 50, with 11 million affected in the U.S.

Diabetic Retinopathy

High blood sugar can damage the tiny blood vessels in the retina, causing them to leak, swell, or close off.

At risk: Anyone with diabetes; about 9.6 million Americans are affected.

Symptoms:

• Blurry or fluctuating vision

• Dark or blank spots in vision

• Poor night vision

• Increased floaters

Prevention: Managing blood sugar, blood pressure, and regular eye exams.

Glaucoma

A group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerve, often without early symptoms. Open-angle glaucoma is most common in the U.S., affecting over 3 million people.

Risk factors:

• Age over 60

• Family history

• African American, Hispanic, or Asian ancestry

Symptoms:

• Gradual loss of peripheral (side) vision

• “Tunnel vision” in advanced stages

Acute angle-closure glaucoma can cause sudden pain, redness, blurred vision, and nausea requiring emergency care.

Other Causes

Beyond the “big four,” vision loss can result from:

• Eye injuries

• Retinal detachment

• Severe eye infections

• Stroke

• Thyroid eye disease

• Trachoma (common in developing countries)

• Congenital or genetic conditions

Protecting Your Vision

While not all causes of vision loss are preventable, many can be managed with early detection. Protect your eyesight by:

• Getting regular comprehensive eye exams

• Wearing UV-protective sunglasses

• Managing chronic health conditions

• Eating a diet rich in colorful fruits, vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acids

• Avoiding smoking

If you notice sudden changes in vision especially in one eye see an eye doctor immediately.

Vision is one of our most vital senses, and with regular care, many causes of vision loss can be delayed or prevented. Stay proactive, protect your eyes, and don’t ignore even small changes.

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