Is Depression Passed Down Through Genes?

Your family history can play a significant role in your risk for depression but it’s not the only factor. Studies suggest depression is roughly 40% heritable, meaning genetics account for about two-fifths of the risk. If a parent or sibling has depression, you may be around three times more likely to experience it yourself. Still, many people with no family history develop depression, and many with a strong family history never do.

The Genetic Link

Depression doesn’t stem from a single “depression gene.” Instead, it’s polygenic, involving many genes that, together with environmental factors, can raise your susceptibility. Notable genes linked to depression include:

• BDNF: Supports neuron survival and brain plasticity; low levels are tied to depression.

• SLC6A4: Helps transport serotonin, a neurotransmitter tied to mood.

• NEGR1 and LRFN5: Influence neuron growth and communication.

• RBFOX1: Linked to brain development and other mental health conditions.

Large-scale studies, like genome-wide association studies (GWAS), have identified over 200 genetic variations associated with depression. Recent research has expanded to include diverse populations, uncovering new genetic markers that were previously missed when focusing mostly on European ancestry.

Beyond DNA: Other Risk Factors

Genetics is only part of the story. Depression develops through a complex interaction of biology, environment, and lifestyle. Other key risk factors include:

• Hormonal changes, such as those after childbirth.

• Lifestyle habits, including inactivity, poor diet, smoking, and excessive alcohol use.

• Physical health challenges like heart disease, diabetes, or chronic pain.

• Sleep problems, which can both contribute to and result from depression.

• Social isolation and loneliness.

• Stressful life events and trauma, especially in childhood.

How Twin Studies Help

Comparisons between identical twins (who share 100% of DNA) and fraternal twins (who share 50%) reveal that identical twins are more likely to both experience depression. This supports the idea that genetics play a substantial but not exclusive role.

What This Means for You

Having a genetic predisposition to depression is not a guarantee you’ll develop it. Protective factors such as strong social connections, regular exercise, and healthy coping skills can help lower your risk even if you’re genetically more vulnerable.

If you’re experiencing symptoms of depression, a healthcare provider can help you:

• Explore therapy options.

• Make lifestyle adjustments to support mental health.

• Discuss medication, if appropriate.

• Connect with support resources.

If you or someone you know is thinking about suicide, dial or text 988 in the U.S. to reach the Suicide & Crisis Lifeline. If there’s immediate danger, call 911.

Share this article or subscribe to our newsletter for more mental health insights.