What You Need to Know About Tooth Decay and How to Stop It

Tooth decay might sound like a childhood problem, but it can sneak up on anyone at any age. In fact, the CDC reports that 90% of adults over age 20 have had at least one cavity. Understanding the stages of tooth decay and how to catch it early can save you from a whole lot of discomfort and even costlier dental procedures down the line.

What Is Tooth Decay, Really?

Tooth decay, also called dental caries or cavities, happens when plaque a sticky film of bacteria builds up on your teeth and produces acids that erode your enamel. If left untreated, decay can move deeper into the tooth, eventually affecting nerves and causing pain or infection.

The 5 Stages of Tooth Decay

Not all cavities look the same. Here’s how tooth decay typically progresses:

1. Initial demineralization: White or chalky spots form on the enamel due to mineral loss. At this point, decay can often be reversed with better hygiene and fluoride.

2. Enamel decay: The surface of the tooth begins to break down. This is when cavities officially form and require a filling.

3. Dentin decay: Once decay reaches the dentin (the softer layer under enamel), you may start feeling sensitivity or discomfort.

4. Pulp damage: The infection can reach the pulp, where blood vessels and nerves live. This stage is often very painful and may require a root canal.

5. Abscess formation: A serious infection forms at the base of the tooth, which can lead to swelling, fever, and even bone loss if left untreated.

Signs You Might Have a Cavity

You won’t always feel pain right away, especially in the early stages. That’s why routine dental visits are so crucial. Common signs include:

• Tooth sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet foods

• Visible holes or pits in your teeth

• Toothache or spontaneous pain

• Discoloration (white, brown, or black spots)

• Bad breath or a persistent bad taste in your mouth

According to the American Dental Association, catching decay early can reduce the need for more invasive treatments and lower the overall cost of care by up to 50%.

How Cavities Are Treated

Treatment depends on the severity of the decay:

• Fluoride treatments: These can help remineralize enamel in the very early stages.

• Fillings: If a cavity has formed, a dentist will remove the decayed material and fill it with a durable material like resin or amalgam.

• Crowns: For more extensive decay, a cap or crown may be placed over the tooth to restore its structure.

• Root canal: When decay reaches the pulp, a root canal is often needed to clean out infected tissue and save the tooth.

• Extraction: In severe cases, removing the tooth may be the only option.

Preventing Tooth Decay Before It Starts

While genetics and health conditions can play a role, daily habits are your strongest defense. To keep your smile healthy:

• Brush twice a day with fluoride toothpaste

• Floss daily to remove plaque between teeth

• Limit sugary and acidic foods and drinks

• Drink plenty of water (especially fluoridated tap water)

• Schedule regular dental checkups and cleanings

Bonus tip: Chewing sugar-free gum with xylitol can help stimulate saliva production, which naturally helps neutralize acids and protect your teeth.

Tooth decay doesn’t have to be inevitable. With early detection and consistent care, you can stop cavities in their tracks and avoid more serious dental work. Paying attention to even small changes in your mouth can go a long way in protecting your overall health.

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