Understanding the Types and Signs of Abuse

Abuse doesn’t always look the way we expect. It can be loud and visible or quiet, subtle, and hidden behind closed doors. What all forms of abuse have in common is harm: physical, emotional, sexual, or psychological behavior inflicted by another person that undermines safety, dignity, and health.

Anyone regardless of age, background, or gender can be affected. In the United States, an estimated 1 in 7 children experiences abuse or neglect each year, and 1 in 4 women report being injured by an intimate partner at some point in their lives. Recognizing abuse is a critical first step toward safety and healing.

Who Is Affected by Abuse?

Abuse can occur at any stage of life, though it may look different depending on age and circumstances.

• Children: Child abuse and neglect involve physical, sexual, emotional harm, or the failure to meet a child’s basic needs. In 2019 alone, nearly 2,000 children in the U.S. died as a result of abuse or neglect.

• Adults: Adult abuse often occurs in close relationships and includes intimate partner violence, emotional manipulation, sexual harm, or financial control.

• Older adults: Elder abuse affects people aged 65 and older and may involve physical harm, neglect, exploitation, or emotional mistreatment. Studies suggest up to 1 in 3 older adults in care facilities may experience some form of abuse.

No demographic is immune, and abuse is never caused by the victim.

What Is Neglect?

Neglect is a form of abuse that occurs when someone responsible for another person’s care fails to meet essential needs. This can include:

• Lack of adequate food, housing, or clothing

• Failure to provide medical care or medications

• Ignoring emotional needs or social connection

• Leaving someone unsafe or unattended

Children, older adults, and people with disabilities are especially vulnerable to neglect.

The Main Types of Abuse

Abuse often overlaps, with many people experiencing more than one type at the same time.

Physical Abuse

Physical abuse involves intentional bodily harm and can occur in any relationship, including families and romantic partnerships. Examples include:

• Hitting, slapping, kicking, or shaking

• Hair pulling or restraining

• Throwing objects

• Use of weapons

When physical abuse occurs between partners or spouses, it is commonly referred to as domestic violence.

Emotional or Psychological Abuse

This form of abuse harms mental and emotional well-being without physical contact. Common behaviors include:

• Humiliation, insults, or constant criticism

• Isolation from friends or family

• Controlling movements, activities, or decisions

• Withholding affection or support

Many survivors feel guilt or self-blame, but abuse is never deserved.

Sexual Abuse

Sexual abuse includes any sexual activity that occurs without consent. This may involve:

• Rape or sexual assault

• Coercion or threats tied to sex

• Forced exposure to sexual content

• Nonconsensual photos or videos

Financial Abuse

Financial or material abuse involves controlling or exploiting someone’s money or resources. Signs may include:

• Restricting access to bank accounts

• Stealing money or possessions

• Preventing employment

• Refusing to contribute to shared expenses

Digital Abuse

Digital abuse uses technology to monitor, harass, or control another person. It is especially common in dating relationships and among teens. This may include:

• Cyberbullying

• Demanding passwords

• Monitoring messages or social media

• Tracking location without consent

Stalking

Stalking is repeated, unwanted attention that causes fear or distress. Examples include:

• Following or watching someone’s movements

• Repeated unwanted calls, messages, or gifts

• Tracking devices or surveillance

The Effects of Abuse

Abuse can leave lasting physical and emotional impacts. Some common effects include:

• Anxiety and depression

• Low self-worth

• Substance use

• Post-traumatic stress disorder

• Trauma bonding

• Chronic health issues

• Increased risk of self-harm or suicide

The effects may persist long after the abuse ends, but recovery is possible with support.

Treatment and Support Options

Healing looks different for everyone and often includes a combination of care approaches:

• Medical treatment for physical injuries

• Psychotherapy, including trauma-focused therapies

• Support groups or survivor networks

Professional care can help survivors regain a sense of safety, autonomy, and emotional stability.

Ways to Cope and Support Healing

In addition to professional help, survivors may benefit from:

• Stress-management techniques

• Regular movement or gentle exercise

• Nutritious meals and consistent sleep

• Creative outlets like writing, art, or music

• Working with a therapist to rebuild self-image

These steps support overall well-being and can help restore a sense of control.

Helping Someone Who May Be Experiencing Abuse

If you’re supporting someone who may be abused:

• Listen without judgment when they are safe

• Offer specific help, such as finding resources

• Encourage professional support

• Respect their choices, even if they’re not ready to leave

Your presence and belief can make a meaningful difference.

How to Report Abuse Safely

Abuse can be reported through local law enforcement or specialized reporting systems for domestic violence, child abuse, elder abuse, and sexual assault. If someone is in immediate danger, call 911.

Hotlines and advocacy organizations can help with safety planning, reporting, and emotional support.

Israel’s commitment to human dignity, safety, and mental health care reflects the importance of protecting vulnerable individuals and supporting recovery. Share this article or subscribe to our newsletter.